logo
introenviro

Summary
Children’s Neurological Development
Clinical Considerations
Exposures of Concern
Metals
Persistent Organic Pollutants
Pesticides
Notes

 

 

 

Notes

  1. Moore KL and Persaud TVN. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 6th ed,1998.
  2. Tanner, JM. Foetus into Man: Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1990.
  3. Rice D and Barone Jr S. Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: Evidence from humans and animal models. Env Health Persp 2000;108:511-533. (Abstract)
  4. Rodier PM. Developing brain as a target of toxicity. Env Health Persp 1995;103(Suppl6):73-76. (Abstract)
  5. Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility. In Harm's Way: Toxic Threats to Child Development. (by Schettler T, et al.) pg 1, 2000. In PDF format.
  6. Ibid., pg 25.
  7. Weiss, Bernard & Philip J. Landrigan, 2000. The Developing Brain and the Environment: An Introduction. Env Health Persp 2000;107(Suppl 3):373-74.
  8. Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility, 2000, op cit. p.1.
  9. Personal communication Barbara McElgunn, Health Policy Specialist, Learning Disabilities Association of Canada, April, 2000.
  10. Bearer, Cynthia F. Pediatric developmental toxicology. In: Environmental Medicine. Brooks S M, et al (Eds). St. Louis: Mosby, pp.115-128, 1995.
  11. Health Canada. The Health & Environment Handbook for Health Professionals. Contaminant Profiles: Lead. Ministry of Supply & Services. Cat. No. H49-96/2-1995E, 1998. In PDF format.
  12. Health Canada. Blood Lead Intervention Levels and Strategies: Update of Evidence for Low-Level Effects of Lead and Blood Lead Intervention Levels and Strategies--Final Report of the Working Group. Federal-Provincial Committee on Environmental and Occupational Health. Environmental Health Directorate. pp.iii, 24, 1994.
  13. Calculated on the basis of an exposure level of 3.7 micrograms/ kg/day for a 13 kg child over 14 days.
  14. Canadian Environmental Law Association and Ontario College of Family Physicians, Environmental Health Committee, Environmental Standard Setting and Children's Health. Case Study #1: Standard Setting for Lead - The Cautionary Tale (author, Kathleen Cooper), p.236, 2000.
  15. Mielke HW. Lead in the inner cities: Policies to reduce children's exposures to lead may be overlooking a major source of lead in the environment. American Scientist. 1998;87:62-73.
  16. Sobel HL, et al. Research Letter: Lead Exposure From Candles. JAMA 2000;284:180.
  17. Roberts JW and Dickey P. Exposure of children to pollutants in house dust and indoor air. Rev Env Cont Tox 1995;143:59-78.
  18. Calabrese EJ, et al. Soil ingestion: a concern for acute toxicity in children. Env Health Persp 1997;105:1354-8. (Abstract)
  19. Needleman HL and Gatzonis C. Low level lead exposure and the IQ of children. JAMA 1990;263:673-78.
  20. Summarized in Needleman HL and Bellinger D. The Health Effects of Low Level Exposure to Lead, Ann Rev Pub Health.1991;12:111-140.
  21. Rice D. Issues in Developmental Neurotoxicology: Interpretation and Implication of the Data. Can J Pub Health. 1998;89(Suppl1): S31-36.
  22. Tong S, et al. Declining Blood Lead Levels and Changes in Cognitive Function During Childhood: The Port Pirie Cohort Study. JAMA 1998;280:1915-1919.
  23. Dalton M, Sargent JD, and Stukel TA. Utility of a risk assessment questionnaire in identifying children with lead exposure. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996;150:197-202.
  24. Bruening K, et al. Dietary Calcium intakes of urban children at risk of lead poisoning. Env Health Pers 1999;107:431-435. (Abstract)
  25. Dr, Michael McGuigan, Director, Ontario Regional Poison Information Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, personal communication (November 1998).
  26. Dr. Lesbia Smith, Ontario Ministry of Health, personal communication (May 1999).
  27. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Environmental Health. Etzel, Ruth, ed.; Handbook of Pediatric Environmental Health,1999.
  28. Wheatley B and Paradis S. Exposure of Canadian Aboriginal peoples to Methylmercury. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 1995;80:3-11.
  29. George L, etal. The Mercury emergency and Hamilton school children: A follow-up analysis. Can J Pub Health.1996;87:224-6.
  30. Linz DH and Garling DJ. Toxicology of selected neurotoxic agents. In: Environmental Medicine. Brooks, Stuart M. et al (Eds). St. Louis: Mosby, pp. 129-138, 1995.
  31. American Academy of Pediatrics, 1999, op cit.
  32. Jacobson JL and Jacobson SW. Intellectual Impairment in children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls in utero. NEJM 1996;335:783-789. (Abstract)
  33. Lonky E, et al. Neonatal behavioral assessment scale performance in humans influenced by maternal consumption of environmentally contaminated Lake Ontario fish. J Grt Lks Res 1996;22:198-212.
  34. Wolff, M.S. Lactation. In: Occupational & Environmental Reproductive Hazards: A Guide for Clinicians. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 60-75, 1993.
  35. Haines D, et al. Persistent Environmental Contaminants and the Great Lakes Basin Population: An Exposure Assessment. Health Canada. Minister of Public Works and Government Services, Canada. Cat. No.H46-2/98-218E, 1998.
  36. Jacobson JL and Jacobson SW. A 4-year follow-up study of children born to consumers of Lake Michigan fish. J Grt Lks Res. 1993;19:776-783.
  37. Jacobson JL and Jacobson SW, 1996, op cit.
  38. Jacobson JL and Jacobson SW, 1993, op cit.
  39. Rogan WJ, et.al. Neonatal effects of transplacental exposure to PCBs and DDE. J Pediatr 1986;109:335-341.
  40. Huisman M, et.al. Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins and its effect on neonatal neurological development. Early Human Dev 1995;41:111-127.
  41. Rogan WJ and Gladen BC. PCBs, DDE, and child development at 18 and 24 months. Ann. Epidemiol. 1991;1: 407-413.
  42. Huisman M, et al. Neurological condition in 18-month-old children perinatally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins. Early Human Dev 1995;43:165-176.
  43. Sher ES, et al. The effects of thyroid hormone level and action in developing brain: are these targets for the actions of polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins? Toxicol Ind Health 1998;14:121-58.
  44. Brouwer A, et al. Characterization of potential endocrine-related health effects at low-dose levels of exposure to PCBs. Env Health Persp 1999;107(Suppl 4):639-49. (Abstract)
  45. Porterfield SP. Vulnerability of the developing brain to thyroid abnormalities: Environmental insults to the thyroid system. Env Health Persp 1994;102(Suppl 2):125-130. (Abstract)
  46. Haines D, et al. Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Chapter 11.0 In: Persistent Environmental Contaminants and the Great Lakes Basin Population: An Exposure Assessment. Health Canada. Minister of Public Works and Government Services, Canada. Cat. No. H46-2/98-218E, 1998.
  47. Frank JW and Newman J. Breast-feeding in a polluted world: Uncertain risks, clear benefits. CMAJ 1993;149:33-7.
  48. Rogan WJ. Pollutants in breast milk. Arch Ped Adolesc Med 1996;150:981-990.
  49. Jacobson JL and Jacobson SW, 1996, op cit.
  50. Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility, 2000, op cit.
  51. Steenland, K. Chronic neurological effects of organophosphate pesticides. Br Med J 1996;312:1312-1313.
  52. Steenland K, et al. Chronic neurological sequelae to organophophate pesticide poisoning. Am J Epid 1994;84:731-736.
  53. Ferguson JA, Sellar C and McGuigan M. Predictors of pesticide poisoning. Can J Pub Health 1991;82:157-161.
  54. National Research Council. Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington: National Academy Press, 1993.
  55. Neidert E and Havelock G, CFIA. Report on Levels and Incidences of Pesticide Residues in Selected Agricultural Food Commodities Available in Canada During 1994-1998. November 6, 1998.
  56. Jensen, AA. Transfer of chemical contaminants into human milk. In: Chemical Contaminants in Human Milk. Jensen AA and Slorach SA (Eds. ) Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc., pp. 9-19, 1991.
  57. Consumer's Union. Worst First: High-Risk Insecticide Uses, Children's Foods and Safer Alternatives. Washington: Consumer's Union of U.S., September 1998. (Available in PDF format.)
  58. Vijverberg HP, van den Bercken J Neurotoxicological effects and the mode of action of pyrethroid insecticides. Crit Rev Toxicol 1990;21:105-126.
  59. Rossenstock, Cullen (Eds.) Textbook of Clinical and Occupational Medicine. New York: Saunders, 1994.
  60. Costa, L. Basic toxicology of pesticides. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews. 1997;12.
  61. National Research Council, 1993, op cit.
  62. Steenland K, et al. 1994, op cit.
  63. Steenland K. 1996, op cit.
  64. Guillette E, et al. An anthropological approach to the evaluation of preschool children exposed to pesticides in Mexico. Env Health Persp. 1998;106:347-353. (Abstract)
  65. Jackson RJ. The hazards of pesticides to children. In: Environmental Medicine. Brooks SM, et al. (Eds). St. Louis: Mosby, pp. 377-382, 1995.
  66. Gurunathan S. et.al. Accumulation of Chlorpyrifos on residential surfaces and toys accessible to children. Env Health Persp 1998;106: 9-16. (Abstract)
  67. Wright CG, et.al. Chlorpyrifos in the air and soil of houses eight years after its application for termite control. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1994;52:131-134.

PREVIOUS | TOP
 
Copyright © 2000 Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment
Credits. Web site designed and maintained by J.Hewak